Ensign Software - Studies: Classification of Studies

Studies are used by traders to give various visual indications of what the market is doing. Studies often serve as the basis for trading signals and trading systems. This article will attempt to classify studies by grouping those that have similar characteristics.

Most studies process price data through a mathematical formula, thus making the study results '2nd generation'. Another common characteristic of studies is that the price data processed is a sampled set of prices instead of every price. The root of this characteristic is the fact that studies process bar data values, such as a bar's closing price. The bar itself can be a summary or grouping of many trade prices, yet it is only the last price in the bar that is processed by the mathematical formula.

Studies can be divided into two basic classes, those that process prices to produce a new price, and those that measure momentum, or the rate of change in prices. In calculus terminology, prices are the curve and momentum is the first derivative or slope of the price curve. The following table lists several studies in groups under the two primary classifications. Several of the table entries are hyperlinks to other articles on the Ensign Software web site where you may read more about the study.

Price Classification		Momentum Classification
Group	Study	Group	Study
Averages	Simple Moving Average	Percent	Stochastic
	Exponential Average		Williams %R
	Smoothed Average		Relative Strength Index
	Weighted Average		Directional Movement Index
	Volume Weighted Average		Aroon Indicator
	MidRange		Ultimate Oscillator
	Triple Average		Money Flow Index
	Ensign Map

Channels	Price Envelopes	Oscillators	MACD Oscillator
	Bollinger Bands		TRIX Oscillator
	Keltner Channel		Average True Range
	Uniform Channel		Commodity Channel Index
	Donchian Channel		Momentum
	Regression Channel		Rate of Change
			Chaikin Indicator
Stops	Parabolic Stop		Stochastic Momentum
	Volatility Stop		On Balance Volume
	High Low Stop		Accumulation Distribution
	Trailing Stop		PVI or NVI Volume Index
			Market Facilitation Index
Structural	Point and Figure		Ergodic Indicator
	Three Point Break		Linear Regression Slope
	Price Histogram
	Market Profile
	Heikin-Ashi
	Divergence
	Auto Trends
	Pesavento Patterns

Averages
Averages plot as a continuous curve on the chart's price scale. Averages smooth the data to remove some of the choppiness. Averages lag behind the price action. Signals are often derived from the crossing of two different average lines. Variation: The spread between two average lines is plotted as a histogram. This measures the momentum of the average lines as their spread widens or narrows.
Channels
Channels typically have a band line above and a band line below a moving average center line. The spacing of the bands from the center line is based on these formulas for these studies: Bollinger - Standard Deviation Keltner - Volatility Uniform - Percent of Price or Fixed Price A Donchian Channel is a plot of the highest high and lowest low of the last N bars.
Stops
Stops plot as a broken curve above or below the price bars. Penetration of a stop by a price bar triggers a reversal of the stop position. Signals from Stops typically are more profitable in trending markets than in choppy markets.
Structural
Studies in this group do not have a simple formula that processes price to generate a result. Rather, these studies rely upon a set of rules to create the visual presentation. The logic involved in the implementation of studies in the group is usually complex. Pesavento Patterns, for example, finds swing highs and swing lows and connects the swing points with trend lines as shown in the illustration.
Percent
Percent studies plot on a scale from 0 to 100. They measure momentum in the price action. Signals are often derived from divergence between the price action and the study. Click this link for an excellent discussion of Stochastic divergence. Other signals are derived by the study line crossing a 2nd line which is a moving average of the study line. In the illustration, the Red line is a moving average of the Blue line.
Oscillators
Oscillators typically plot on scales that have both positive and negative values. The Zero level is often positioned vertically at the center of the window. The study can be plotted as a curve, but is often visually presented using a histogram. Signals are often derived from the oscillator crossing above or below the zero line. Other signals are based on divergence between the price action and the study. Click this link for a discussion of CCI divergence.

Summary
After 27 years of working with the markets, I do not believe that there is a right or wrong answer as to which studies, parameters or draw tools work the best. Each one has its own merits, strengths and weaknesses. Each trader needs to determine whether the insight or clue provide by the study works for their trading style. Different trading styles is why what works well for one trader may not work at all for another trader.

Various mentors have a favorite study, such as Woody likes the Commodity Channel Index study, Enthios uses Price Histogram, Buffy's style uses Stochastic, and Larry Pesavento uses the Pesavento Patterns and Ensign Map studies. Studies speak to them in ways that empower them to make better trading decisions, and thus have an edge to trade profitably.

The most innovative studies are those that attempt to predict the market in advance of it happening. Studies in this area typically involve neural nets and cycles to find rhythmic characteristics in the data set and use these rhythms to suggest the near term future. Please read the article on Ensign Map for more information on predicting the future.

Some traders use studies to help them decide when to enter the market or when to exit a position. Others value the studies they use for telling them when to stay out of the market. Nothing is right all the time. Studies which work well in trending markets typically are a disaster in choppy markets, and vice versa. Some studies, such as the Directional Movement Index, try to determine whether a market is trending or choppy, but inevitably lag behind in that determination. In other words, a study's determination that a market is trending is only made after it has been trending for a while, and the trend may soon be over. Therefore, traders rarely rely solely on studies. They also watch price action, chart patterns, divergence, support and resistance levels, and use various draw tools the most basic of which is a simple trend line.